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China
Since early times the Chinese have searched
for methods of improving the technical quality of ceramics and the efficiency of
production. Early innovations in ceramic technology included the use of kilns with
separate combustion and firing chambers and the introduction of the potter's wheel.
Ceramic molds were an essential part of the bronze casting process, and from the
third century B.C.E. mold technology was adapted for the production of ceramic funerary
sculpture placed in tombs of rulers and nobility. The seven thousand figures of the
celebrated Terracotta Army were created with a limited number of molds used in different
combinations to produce an impression of infinite variety.
High-fired glazes had been introduced during the second millennium B.C.E., but it
was not until a decline in bronze and lacquer manufacture in the late Han period
(206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E.), that their production became widespread. Tea drinking,
which gained popularity in the centuries following Han, helped foster their acceptance.
By the eighth century Lu Yu, in his Classic of Tea, stipulated ceramic tea
bowls as most suitable for tea drinking, giving pride of place to wares of the Yue
kilns on account of their subtle green "celadon" glaze.
Porcelain had been developed as early as the sixth century but until the fourteenth
century remained essentially monochromatic. It was probably the stimulus of the Islamic
market that inspired Chinese potters to decorate porcelain using cobalt pigment.
With the establishment of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), the court became the most
important arbiter of ceramic taste, ordering huge quantities of porcelains from official
kilns at Jingdezhen and imposing rigorous standards of quality. |